Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design
Published: quarterly | ISSN 2217-379X | ISSN (online) 2217-9860 Editor-in-Chief: Nemanja Kašiković, PhD Subject Areas: Graphic Engineering and Design Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design is dedicated to publishing novel research and papers in the fields of graphic engineering, Prepress, Press, Postpress, Packaging, Colour and quality management, 3D printing, Functional printing, Material and measurement science, Ecology and waste management, Visual perception, Visual communications and media, Electronic publishing and new media, Graphic design, Industrial and product design, Typography, Photography. CiteScore 1.4 (2023) | Journal Category M51 (2024)
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Effects of image form and model body shape in healthy eating advertisements on health perceptions and emotional responses
Mass media has become an essential channel for promoting healthy eating while preventing non-communicable diseases. However, the design forms of advertisement health messages can affect consumers' attitudes toward advertising and their health perceptions. This study adopted an experimental design to explore the effects of fruit and vegetable image design forms (anthropomorphic, photographic, and geometric) and model body shapes (no model, obese, overweight, normal, and thin) on health perceptions and emotional responses. The findings indicate that when the model's body shape was “normal,” anthropomorphic fruit and vegetable designs significantly improved health perceptions; when the model's body shape deviated from health standards (e.g., thin or obese), photographic and geometric designs may weaken health perceptions. The body shape of the advertisements’ models was the main factor affecting emotional responses. Advertisements with thin or obese models were more likely to cause negative emotions, while normal body shapes can maintain emotional stability. When designing healthy eating advertisements, selecting anthropomorphic fruit and vegetable images and models with normal body shapes can strengthen health perceptions while reducing negative emotional responses, improving advertising effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 © 2026 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 Serbia. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
Evaluating the reliability of spectrophotometer for print quality control
This study investigates the measurement system variability of a spectrophotometer, used for color control in the printing industry. A Type 1 Gage Study and Gage R&R was conducted for the Nix Spectro 2 spectrophotometer to evaluate the precision and accuracy in measuring color values of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK) on 10 printed samples. The study assesses both repeatability and reproducibility to determine the overall measurement system capability. The results revealed high repeatability and low bias with Cg and Cgk metrics greater than 1.33, %Contribution below 1% and %Study Variation under 10%, thus confirming the reliability and suitability of Spectro 2 for color measurements. The findings shall aid the printers, quality control team, and designers in the optimization of color management workflows, ensuring consistent print quality. Article history: Received (December 16, 2025); Revised (March 18, 2026); Accepted (April 8, 2026)
Copyright (c) 2026 © 2026 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 Serbia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
Curating pedagogical change: A model for leadership and co-creation in student-led exhibition practice
This paper examines how pedagogical and operational strategies were put into practice while integrating a large-scale student exhibition, held as part of the European Design Awards festival, into the academic curriculum. The initiative was guided by experiential and project-based learning (PBL). It sought, above all, to connect classroom teaching with professional practice. In practice, the methodology tended to emphasize collaborative planning, structured team roles, and sustained staff engagement, grounded in principles of motivation and autonomy. These principles were evident in how students managed their own sub-projects. The main strategies involved creating dedicated teams for mentoring, curation, and logistics; introducing structured communication processes; and fostering an environment that promoted a sense of ownership among both students and staff. The results suggested a meaningful and lasting impact on both students and faculty. The project equipped students with industry-relevant skills and opened new professional opportunities. For faculty, this meant rethinking their role from knowledge deliverers to facilitators of hands-on, real-world learning, which encouraged more collaborative and student-led teaching methods. The institution also gained recognition within the European design community. In retrospect, the process itself proved to be a powerful driver of innovation, growth, and cultural change, despite challenges such as workload and resources. The study concludes that immersive, student-led projects are most effective when embedded into the curriculum, though their long-term sustainability depends on continued institutional support. Article history: Received (September 26, 2025); Revised (February 23, 2026); Accepted (April 6, 2026)
A study of optical properties of coatings based on functional pigments and cellulose nanocrystals across the solar spectrum
This study investigates the optical properties of coatings based on functional pigments and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) across the solar spectrum (UVVIS-NIR: 200-2500 nm). The coatings were formulated using CNC aqueous suspension as a sustainable, bio-based binder. Four different pigment types (one IR-absorbing and three pearlescent) were incorporated into the CNC matrix and coated onto the translucent paper substrate. Spectrophotometric measurements revealed significant differences in optical properties among coatings. The coating based on IR-absorbing pigment exhibited the highest overall absorbance, especially in the NIR region, the lowest reflectance across the entire solar spectrum, but the highest transmittance in the NIR (≈85- 90% between ≈900-1800 nm). Coatings based on the pearlescent pigments showed lower overall absorbance but higher UV reflectance. The results highlight the potential of using CNCs as a binder with functional pigments to create sustainable functional coatings on transparent substrates where more light, less heat, and higher UV absorption are needed. Article history: Received (December 11, 2025); Revised (February 6, 2026); Accepted (April 6, 2026)
Exploration of biodegradable materials for a digitally printed fashion embellishments
Initially utilized in aerospace and medical industries, 3D printing has emerged as revolutionary technology with significant potential in transforming garment creation that previously unattainable through traditional manufacturing. The integration of biodegradable materials in 3D printing represents a promising approach in addressing the environmental challenges posed by conventional plastic-based printing technologies. This study explores biodegradable materials—Polyterra PLA, Esun PLA+, and bio resin—for producing digitally printed sustainable fashion embellishments. Through a mixed method approach involving practical experimentations, a flower-shaped embellishment prototype was made and painted for application on garment. By addressing the limitations of biodegradable materials and demonstrating their potential in high-fashion applications, this study contributes to the advancement of 3D printing by optimising biodegradable materials for a more sustainable and creative design potential for the fashion industry. Article history: Received (July 31, 2025); Revised (January 11, 2026); Accepted (February 25, 2026)
Design recommendations and future prospects for text legibility in augmented reality
This paper provides a systematic review of the literature on text legibility in augmented reality (AR) using the PRISMA methodology, with an emphasis on head-mounted displays (HMD) and screen devices. Based on the literature review, we propose design recommendations for legibility in AR. The analysis was carried out using the 10 most important parameters: font type, text style, color and contrast, font size, text anchoring, text segmentation and organization, environmental illumination, background influence, perception depth, and text display in dynamic environments. The analysis shows that billboard and outline styles and light fonts on a dark background ensure the most reliable legibility. For static information, world-anchoring is recommended, and for dynamic information, screenanchoring is advised. Level-of-Detail (LOD) approaches are shown to reduce cognitive load. Specialized fonts (e.g. SharpView) and adaptive algorithms that adjust the contrast, size and position of text in real time are also examined. The results indicate a marked dominance of research on HMD devices, although screen AR has great practical importance and requires more research. Regarding other research directions, the review noted hybrid approaches (HMD + smartphone), projection AR, and hardware/ software upgrades such as colorimetric compensation and text position stabilization. Research on text legibility in AR for 3D text, text segmentation, and dynamic real-world scenarios remains underdeveloped. Future advances in text legibility in AR are related to the integration of typographical, perceptual and technical solutions, and reporting harmonization. Article history: Received (October 2, 2025); Revised (December 25, 2025); Accepted (February 4, 2026)
Colour prediction in multilayer polymer systems under polarized light for packaging applications
Conventional colour measurement methods do not fully account for the optical properties of multilayer polymer systems in transmitted polarized light. This work presents a Mueller-calculus-based model that predicts the spectral radiance and perceived colour of multilayer anisotropic polymer film stacks viewed in polarized light, targeting design needs in packaging. The model accepts the light source spectrum, polarizer and analyser angles, film optical-axis orientations, polymer film birefringence, and the spectral transmittance of added colour filters. The model was implemented in Python using SymPy and Colour libraries. Validation experiments employed stacks 1–3 layers at a 45-degree angle of 25±5 µm thickness BOPP films between parallel and crossed polarizers with a measured LED light source and X‑Rite i1Pro spectrophotometer, including stacks combined with three gel colour filters and three flexographically printed patches on BOPP; BOPP birefringence was retrieved as Δn 0.015 via spectral analysis and it is consistent with the literature. The model reproduced key spectral features and colour coordinates, yielding absolute spectral RMSEs of 0.34-1.01 mW/(m2·sr·nm) for stacks without colour filters and a mean RMSE of 0.27 mW/(m2·sr·nm) with colour filters. The mean colour difference ∆E76 across configurations with colour filters was 10.8. The model can be used for preview prototyping of polarized-light effects and security features in multilayer packaging and may provide a basis for an intelligent colour-management system. Article history: Received (September 25, 2025); Revised (January 11, 2026); Accepted (January 21, 2026)
Oil and water resistant of packaging papers
The permeability of paper and cardboard materials is extremely important for packaging safety. However, paper and cardboards have poor liquid resistance due to their naturally porous structure and the hydrophilic character of cellulose fibers. When packaging papers are exposed to liquid effects both from inside (by the product) and outside, they may become deformed and cannot fulfill their duty of protecting the product. For this reason, the resistance of packaging papers to liquids (water-oil, etc.) should be well known in order to make a selection appropriate to the content of the products. In this study, the effects of air permeability, liquid contact angle and surface energy values of various papers and cardboards used in the packaging industry on water and oil resistance were experimentally investigated. After determining the air permeability of the papers, liquid contact angle and liquid absorption measurements were carried out using the Sessile water drop method for surface wetting characterization. The surface energies of the papers were calculated depending on the liquid contact angle. Then the oil absorption of these papers was determined by measuring the time-dependent absorption of Castor oil. Differences in liquid resistance between papers were demonstrated and evaluated based on the air permeability of the papers, water contact angle, surface energy and liquid absorption. It was concluded that the wettability and surface energy of papers are the determining factors in water absorption, while air permeability is the determining factor in oil absorption. Article history: Received (July 26, 2025); Revised (October 27, 2025); Accepted (January 21, 2026)
GANS for realistic animation: A qualitative study using ATLAS.ti
This study aims to explore the effectiveness of GANs in generating animations that achieve high levels of realism, focusing on motion quality, texture detail, visual composition, and frame-to-frame coherence. A qualitative approach was employed using ATLAS.ti to analyze outputs from models such as MoCo-GAN and StyleGAN3. The dataset included 110 animations, from which key visual elements were coded and analyzed thematically. The findings reveal that 68% of the animations demonstrated smooth motion transitions, while 20% exhibited jerky movements and 12% contained motion artifacts. Similarly, 70% of the animations featured highly detailed textures, but 20% had flat backgrounds, and 10% showed lighting inconsistencies. Visual compositions with strategic framing and depth perception were observed in 55% and 30% of the animations, respectively, whereas only 15% maintained symmetrical layouts. These results underscore the strengths and limitations of GANs in achieving realism, particularly in complex scenarios. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on GAN applications in animation by identifying critical visual factors that enhance aesthetic and narrative coherence. Practical implications include guiding designers and developers in leveraging GANs for high-quality animation production. Future research is recommended to address existing technical challenges and evaluate audience responses to GAN-generated animations, paving the way for more dynamic and engaging visual content. Article history: Received (December 11, 2024); Revised (February 9, 2025); Accepted (October 15, 2025)
Authorship disclosure and consumer perception of AI-generated graphic design
The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into graphic design and advertising has raised pressing questions about the role of authorship, trust and aesthetic judgement. This study examines how consumers perceive AI-generated versus human-created advertising visuals in the context of jewellery advertising. Two online surveys (n = 127) were conducted to compare participants' preferences under the conditions of disclosed and undisclosed authorship. The results show that while AI-generated visuals were sometimes rated favourably when authorship was hidden, human-created content was clearly preferred overall – especially when authorship was disclosed. A gender analysis revealed that female participants were especially sensitive to authorship cues, favouring human-created visuals. Logistic regression further confirmed that authorship disclosure, gender and design features such as human presence and serif typography were significant predictors of preference. Qualitative responses suggest that while AI visuals are technically competent, they lack emotional authenticity and narrative resonance. These findings emphasise the importance of transparency, emotional design and collaboration between humans and AI in visual communication. The study contributes to ongoing debates about machine creativity, aesthetic value and ethical disclosure, and offers practical implications for designers and marketers using AI in emotionally-driven contexts. Article history: Received (August 18, 2025); Revised (October 15, 2025); Accepted (November 9, 2025)
Integrating AI image generation into the designer's creative process for mascot creation
AI-generated image tools are an innovation that can significantly impact the design process by increasing productivity and generating a wide range of complex design exploration results. Although AI-generated image tools have many advantages and diverse features, research is still needed to assess the suitability of the images produced in the ideation process carried out by designers. The purpose of this study is to compare and assess the influence of the ideation process carried out by student designers in a mascot creation project with and without the use of AI-generated image tools. The method for this study is an experimental design by compares the ideation process using AI-generated images with the ideation process without using AI-generated images. The design analysis of the final design was conducted by expert designers using a blind review technique. The results of this study do not yet show that the use of AI in the ideation process is superior to conventional methods, but it is known that AI-generated images tools can be a reference and a competent choice of ideation media to use. This research has implications for the method of extracting ideas in the mascot design process and also provides evidence that the use of AI in the ideation process should not be feared or avoided. Article history: Received (September 25, 2025); Revised (December 5, 2025); Accepted (December 29, 2025)
The role of 3D printing in original printmaking and graphic production
This study explores the functional role of 3D printers in original printmaking, a graphic production technique. Traditional methods like linocut, engraving, and intaglio have limited integration with modern digital manufacturing technologies. This research examines how 3D printers can be effectively combined with these techniques. The main goal is to show how 3D printing can be integrated into the printmaking process and what benefits it brings to design and production. The study focuses on converting digitally designed models into physical printing plates via 3D printing, highlighting how this enables the creation of complex surfaces and detailed forms difficult to achieve traditionally. This offers designers both creative freedom and technical advantages. Additionally, the research discusses how digital design and customization of printing plates and stencils improve flexibility, speed, and cost-efficiency in printmaking. Especially in linocut and engraving, the precision, scalability, and detail of 3D printing introduce new production paradigms. In conclusion, the study shows that 3D printers are not only technical tools but also creative elements transforming graphic production in original printmaking, providing artists and designers new opportunities to exceed traditional boundaries and expand artistic expression. Article history: Received (June 26, 2025); Revised (July 31, 2025); Accepted (September 1, 2025)
Design of thermoformed plastic container using mould from three-dimensional printing for pear protective performance
Thermoforming is a widely used plastic packaging method due to its affordability, high protective performance, and ability to prevent mechanical damage to fruits during transportation. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the thermoforming packaging moulding process, evaluate the structural strength of thermoformed packaging, and assess the effectiveness of various shaped thermoformed containers in protecting pears. The prototype design was based on different geometric shapes and dimensions, divided into four relief geometries: cylindrical (M1), semi-circular (M2), geodesic dome (M3), square (M4), and commercial dome shapes. According to the mould thermoforming process, the mockups of each pattern were modelled using SolidWorks software and formed using a 3D printer. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic sheets were formed in a container mould with a thermoformed machine under the same parameter conditions of time, temperature, and pressure. The compression resistance of the thermoformed containers was tested. According to these findings, the compression force was higher in inferior thermoformed containers than in superior thermoformed containers. This is due to the relief size, geometry, and dimensions of the thermoformed containers. Then, thermoformed containers were employed to perform the dart drop impact test, with the pears dropped from heights of 20, 40, and 60 cm. The thermoformed container sample with a square shape (M4) had the lowest proportion of bruises (8.33%) on fruit. For container sample M4, the bruised area (BA) was assessed at drop heights of 20, 40, and 60 cm at 97.12, 140.75, and 206.02 square millimeters, respectively. Based on this finding, the bruise volume increased as the impact height increased. Additionally, a drop test was performed at a height of 90 cm using a thermoformed container with pears in a double-wall corrugated board for the BC flute. A higher total area of bruises on pears without thermoformed containers was observed in the evaluation of bruised damage. Therefore, this study concludes that the shape, size, and relief position of thermoformed containers reduce the damage caused by the compression strength and dropping height during transportation. Article history: Received (January 22, 2025); Revised (July 14, 2025); Accepted (September 1, 2025)
UV light in graphic technology: Usage, effects and safety measures
The introduction of ultraviolet (UV) light technologies to the graphic arts industry has revolutionised printing by offering better print quality, faster curing times and the ability to print on a variety of substrates. Despite these advances, UV light and UV-curable materials pose significant health risks to workers. This paper examines the potentially harmful effects of UV light on workers in the graphics technology sector and outlines key safety measures to mitigate these risks. The UV spectrum (100–400 nm) is categorised as UVA, UVB and UVC. While UVA and UVB are partially absorbed by the atmosphere, UVC is almost completely absorbed by the ozone layer. In graphics technology, however, artificial UV light sources can expose workers to harmful radiation. The increasing use of UV light in UV printing and UV curing requires a closer look at occupational hazards. Harmful effects include skin damage (erythema, skin ageing, pigmentation changes, skin cancer) and eye damage (photokeratitis, cataracts, retinal damage). UV-curable inks and coatings also contain photoinitiators and chemicals that pose health risks (irritation, allergic reactions and respiratory problems) and require comprehensive safety protocols. Key safety measures include personal protective equipment (PPE) such as protective clothing, goggles and respirators. Technical measures such as UV-blocking shields, covers and adequate ventilation reduce exposure. Comprehensive training, the use of PPE, safety protocols and regular inspections ensure the safety of employees. By addressing the risk of UV exposure, the industry can protect its employees while continuing to innovate. Article history: Received (December 19, 2024); Revised (July 28, 2025); Accepted (August 25, 2025)
Translating cultural values into packaging design: The case of Ningxia eight treasures tea
‘Eight Treasures Tea’ (NETT), a unique herbal tea from Ningxia province, China, is renowned for its distinctive recipe, medicinal properties, and long history, yet public awareness of its cultural and nutritional value remains limited. Preliminary observations suggest that the current packaging design lacks the necessary visual and verbal elements to effectively convey NETT's cultural values (CVs). This study aimed to address this gap by translating NETT’s CVs into creative packaging using a practice-based research approach, conducted in three phases. In the first phase, a visual analysis of 12 existing NETT gift packages revealed limited differentiation in terms of colour, graphics, and typography, with minimal communication of CVs. The second phase involved semi-structured interviews with five experts, identifying eight sub-themes related to NETT’s historical, health, artistic, and spiritual dimensions: historical origin, historical context, health concept, dietary habits, brewing process, drinking method, emotional expression, and cultural interpretation. Findings highlighted the Yellow River as a key symbol of NETT’s historical significance, the artistic merit tied to making and tasting the tea, and the spiritual value shaped by Ningxia’s inclusive and diverse ethnic culture. In the third phase, creative and reflective practice was employed to explore and reconstruct the visual and verbal elements of NETT packaging, representing its multidimensional CVs. The study evoked the interconnectedness of research and practice, highlighting the critical role of the practitioner as a researcher. The creative process and outcomes offered new insights into packaging design, enhancing the communication of NETT’s cultural values to potential consumers. Article history: Received (August 27, 2024); Revised (October 13, 2024); Accepted (May 26, 2025)
Customized helmet design using computational and physical prototyping design principles
Bicycle helmets are designed to protect the user in case of a fall or collision. The effectiveness of a helmet depends on many factors, one of which is its correct fit on the user's head. The presented paper aims to develop an application that can generate personalized helmet designs based on user-provided data. After receiving the user's data, the design process is automatically carried out via a computer-based algorithm. The data provided includes two photos, capturing both the front and side views of the user's head. Using these images, the algorithm analyzes the curvature, proportions, and size of the head to create curves that closely align with the user's head shape. This information is then used to design a helmet comprising of two main components: the outer shell and the inner lining. The outcomes of this study were effectively assessed through two methods. The initial evaluation involved digital analysis using 3D scanning technology to compare the head curvatures between the algorithm and the scanned model. The second evaluation utilized 3D printing technology. Using appropriate materials, the helmet was fabricated while its geometry was applied evenly to the user's head. Article history: Received (February 21, 2025); Revised (September 10, 2025); Accepted (October 15, 2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 © 2026 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 Serbia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
Sustainable active packaging for the EU green transition: HEC/vitamin C antioxidant films enhancing food safety and reducing waste
The growing demand for sustainable food packaging is driven not only by consumer awareness of food safety but also by international strategies such as national development plans and European Union regulations, which emphasize the replacement of conventional plastics with bio-based and functional alternatives. In this context, active antioxidant packaging plays a critical role in extending food shelf life, reducing waste, and ensuring safer products. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was selected as the matrix material due to its good film-forming properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, odorlessness, and non-toxicity or low toxicity, while vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a natural antioxidant, was incorporated as the active agent. HEC solution was prepared by dissolving HEC powder in distilled water, and vitamin C was incorporated. The resulting mixtures were homogenized and cast onto glass plates, followed by drying to produce uniform films. The obtained films were systematically characterized in terms of contact angle (wettability), and antioxidant capacity. In addition, their surface performance was evaluated through IGT F1 flexographic test printing trials to assess practical applicability. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of vitamin C enhanced the antioxidant functionality of HEC films, while altering their barrier and surface properties depending on the concentration used. These findings suggest that HEC-based films containing vitamin C have significant potential as active packaging materials that meet both sustainability goals and food safety requirements. Article history: Received (October 3, 2025); Revised (October 27, 2025); Accepted (November 10, 2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 © 2025 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 Serbia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
A framework of project-based learning (PBL) pedagogy for graphic design education
Design programmes commonly employ project-based learning (PBL) in studio settings, emphasising hands-on learning through real-world projects. However, there are multiple practices in the name of PBL. There is confusion about what is and what is not PBL. Furthermore, real-world or authentic projects are integral to PBL but have no clear interpretations. Many studies inform about the advantages of real-world or authentic projects; however, very few about its integration into teaching and even fewer in graphic design education. This action research proposes a framework for the clarity and application of PBL in a graphic design studio class using a real-world design project. The proposed framework in the study derived from the work by Blumenfeld et al., 1991; Krajcik & Blumenfeld, 2005, shows the implementation of a real-world project for graphic design students—an area where the PBL research is scarce. Applied in a communication design course at an Indian university, the framework imparts structure, clarity, and alignment with curricular requirements. This approach ensures successful course completion with tangible outcomes, enriching students' portfolios. The study serves as a model for employing a comprehensive framework based on PBL, demystifies real-world or authentic projects and demonstrates how they can be tailored for holistic learning in graphic design education. Article history: Received (May 16, 2024); Revised (March 20, 2025); Accepted (April 14, 2025)
Prediction of dot gain in flexographic color printing using machine learning
This work focuses on using machine learning algorithms in the prediction of dot gain related to flexographic process color printing. The way these advanced aspects of machine learning techniques are applied can revolutionize the various uses of printing technology. The machine learning techniques can be used to a wide range of applications since they adhere to dynamic programming methodology and computational learning theory. The machine learning algorithms can generate a trained input dataset framework, allowing them to make logical and dynamic predictions and judgments based on input data. Two grades of paper substrates with varying surface textures, two levels of anilox screen rulings, and a total of 100 steps of halftone square dot percentages with 4% intervals for each process colors are selected as the experimental process variables. An algorithm for evaluating a flexographic print output response, known as Dot Gain was generated using the Python machine learning technique. For data analysis and performance evaluation, machine learning techniques such as linear regression, decision tree, random forest regression, XG (Extreme Gradient) boost regression, SVM (Support Vector Machine) regression and neural network algorithms were used. The findings of this research work demonstrate that, out of all the machine learning algorithms used in this investigation, neural network methods had the highest accuracy. The accuracy of the neural network algorithm is 96.43, 98.32, 97.01 & 95.30 respectively in the prediction of dot gain for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. Article history: Received (January 2, 2025); Revised (April 7, 2025); Accepted (May 5, 2025)
Geometric synthesis and kinematic analysis of a combined double-wedging mechanism of the pressure plate drive in the die-cutting press
The analysis of existing publications highlights a gap in scientific research on mechanisms used in the drive system to move the pressure plate, particularly those that extend the contact duration between the die-cutting mold and cardboard. The authors developed a kinematic scheme of the proposed double-wedging mechanism. The geometric synthesis and kinematic analysis of the mechanism were performed, determining the relative values of key geometric parameters, displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the pressure plate. The geometry and kinematic parameters were calculated using mathematical models based on similarity invariants. To validate the results, a simulation of the work process was conducted in the SolidWorks program for the double-wedging mechanism and the existing mechanism used in Bobst presses. A comparative analysis of the analytically obtained kinematic dependencies and the simulation results demonstrated absolute agreement, confirming the accuracy of the developed mathematical models. The results of the kinematic analysis indicate that using a combined two-wedging mechanism doubles the duration of the die-cutting tool with the cardboard blank. This prolonged contact positively impacts the efficiency of die-cutting operations, particularly for creasing and relief embossing. Article history: Received (November 24, 2024); Revised (March 3, 2025); Accepted (March 10, 2025)
Production of pH indicators from starch and anthocyanins for use in smart packaging
In this research, natural pigments, anthocyanins, were used to produce bio-based films that can be used in smart packaging, as they serve as pH indicators to monitor the freshness of the packaged products. The aim of the research is to analyse the colorimetric and optical differences in the produced films before and after they are exposed to the environment with different pH values. In order to evaluate the possibility of using the produced films in printing processes, the adhesion of the produced pH indicators to packaging material was determined. This research has shown that it is possible to produce pH indicators from anthocyanins extracted from plant residues as well as from different types of starch. The influence of the anthocyanins immobilised in the starches on the colorimetric properties of the produced films and the adhesion of the films to the packaging material was evaluated. The research results showed that it is possible to produce a pH-responsive indicator based on the ingredients used. Different types of starch showed no significant difference in the visual appearance of the films, but a difference was found when different anthocyanins were used. It was proposed to use potato starch with anthocyanins from red cabbage and maize starch with anthocyanins from red onions to produce pH indicators. These polymer composites showed clear color shifts that are easy to recognise visually. Article history: Received (November 25, 2024); Revised (March 10, 2025); Accepted (March 27, 2025)
Designed animation for daily living skill of children with Down syndrome
Children with Down syndrome generally have difficulty with daily living skills. Therefore, an appropriate learning approach is needed to train DS children to have daily living skills. The aim of this research is to identify the level of learning visual ability of children with Down syndrome, then explain the parameters of visual content animation as a tool to obtain responses from children with Down syndrome, and to determine the effective animation content to help the independence process of children with Down syndrome. The research method used is a mix method. This research uses an experimental study where the participants are children with Down Syndrome. Data collection methods use interviews, observation and questionnaires. Data analysis using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank test The results of this research found that Down syndrome children have different characters, levels of learning abilities and interests even though they are the same age and DS children tend to experience problems with independence, especially toilet training. Independent intervention to be used as a learning medium can be done through animation media whose visual content matches their character and preferences. The test results show that there is a significant effect of learning through animated videos on the level of message understanding and toilet training independence in DS children. With the characters, environment, duration, colors, figures in the video that they like, it will further increase their interest in the video so that they can understand the message in the animated video easily. Article history: Received (May 9, 2024); Revised (December 4, 2024); Accepted (January 15, 2025)
Exploring the intersection of AI and creativity in the local Indonesian graphic designers' perspective
This study examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on creativity, focusing on the experiences of local graphic designers in Indonesia. As a rapidly evolving technology, AI has transformed various industries, including the realms of culture and entertainment. This research investigates how AI shapes the creative processes of Indonesian designers, explores the ethical concerns it raises, and evaluates its role in preserving and promoting cultural heritage. The study employs a qualitative approach, drawing insights from semi structured interviews conducted with members of three professional graphic designer communities across Java, Indonesia. These communities, which have embraced AI tools in their work and emphasize integrating traditional Indonesian cultural elements into their designs, provided valuable perspectives on the influence of AI in their field. The findings reveal that AI technologies, particularly Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), significantly enhance creativity by generating diverse design options and automating routine tasks, thereby freeing up time for deeper conceptual exploration and innovation. Moreover, AI's ability to digitize and archive traditional cultural motifs supports the preservation of Indonesia’s artistic heritage, ensuring its accessibility for future generations. Furthermore, AI facilitates the promotion of traditional designs in modern contexts through digital platforms, thereby increasing their appreciation on both national and international levels.
Calibration of the printing process for 3D models using Vat polymerisation and investigation of the mechanical properties of TGM-7 resin
With the development of modern technology, three-dimensional graphics (3D) are increasingly making their way into various fields such as design, advertising, packaging, industry and even medicine. Three-dimensional graphic elements can be not only modelled, but also apadted for the three-dimensional printing. However, the quality of the print is highly dependent on the printing method used, technological process and on the properties of the material. In this work, the models were created using 3D graphics software and tested after 3D printing. The new acrylic resin TGM-7, developed by AmeraLabs, was used for the 3D printing. During the testing process, the models were calibrated in order to obtain accurate and high-quality models with fewer inaccuracies or defects in the future and precise connections. During the experiments, a more significant change in dimensions was observed in the lower part of the models, which could have occurred due to the deposition of the polymer. Samples printed at a 45° angle had more accurate dimensions. The mechanism of parameters compensation in the XY and YX axis was demonstrated. During the work, the mechanical properties of the material were also determined, which are important for the many applications such as packaging, advertising items or other products subject to load. The acrylic resin, printed at different angles, exhibited plastic propertie, and samples printed at a 90° angle were better able to withstand dynamic loads, which averaged 206 N. The obtained results were applied to the creation and printing of an advertising model. Article history: Received (September 17, 2024); Revised (January 21, 2025); Accepted (January 29, 2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 © 2025 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 Serbia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Experiments and traditions in Ukrainian contemporary printmaking
The article covers the phenomenon of synthesis of traditions and innovations in contemporary Ukrainian printmaking. The trends of today's art of circulation graphic arts in Ukraine, novelty, tools of artists of the new generation are considered. The problem of danger of classical techniques disappearing due to strengthening of C.A.D. positions is raised. Attention is focused on ways to preserve classical traditions using the example of intaglio techniques: etching, mezzo-tint, aquatint, dry point. The main trends in the existence of these techniques and ways of their preservation in various combinations are analysed. Work of the most distinctive schools (Lviv, Kyiv, Odesa), their brightest representatives who use traditional intaglio techniques, combining them, experimenting with technology, materials, creating new variations of traditional techniques, is covered. Attention is focused on the work of the Lviv school representative Oleh Denysenko who patented a new technique he invented, “gesography”, which became the most important tool in the process of preserving printmaking, in the modern artistic field and transforming it into an updated stronghold of fine arts of modern times.
Possibility of exact realization of silver tones in electrophotographic printing
Except for standard CMYK colors in high-quality printed products, designers often choose metallic silver tones. With this method, designers underline important segments and parts of printed publications. Silver applications today are mostly performed with expensive foil printing techniques or lithographic offset printing. However, the development of new Xerox electrophotographic machines has enabled the application of an additional silver toner that achieves a metallic effect of silver tones. In this paper, the possibility of successful realization of silver PANTONE 877C printed with the conventional offset printing (HUBER printing ink series Alchemy) and with silver Xerox emulsion aggregation (EA) toner was investigated. The test used 170 g/m2 gloss art printing paper printed on printing press Heidelberg GTO ZP 52 (offset printing conditions) and Xerox Versant 180 (electrophotographic printing conditions). Due to the easier modification of the electrophotographic press conditions (RIP Fiery FS 200), the printing was performed with two screenings (AM and FM distribution of printing elements in a halftone image). Due to the use of different silver pigments, two colorimetric measurement methods (M0 and M3 mode) were also analyzed. Colorimetric analysis (CIE LAB measurements and ΔE2000 color difference) showed that the silver halftones of Xerox EA toner also achieve large color changes ΔEmean>5. However, the PANTONE 877C tone will be better reproduced in full tone (ΔEOFF_Xerox = 4,2) while the rasterization process will achieve higher average tone deviations. By varying the Fiery RIP settings (FM-AM screening), a better imprint will be obtained with FM screening (average difference ΔEFM_AM = 0,64). Article history: Received (November 8, 2021); Revised (January 17, 2022); Accepted (January 20, 2022)
Application of eye-tracking technology to compare how instant lemongrass drink packaging imagery influences customer interest
The research aimed to compare how different styles of instant lemongrass drink package imagery influence consumer interest and behavior using eye-tracking technology. A total of 30 participants, aged 19 to 65, evaluated three packaging styles: style 1 Images of instant lemongrass drinks served in a cup, style 2 images of instant lemongrass drinks served in a cup with steam and style 3 images of instant lemongrass drinks being poured into a cup. To determine visual areas of interest (AOIs), we examined eye-tracking variables including number of fixations, duration of fixations, and heatmaps. To mitigate positional bias, we displayed each style at a randomly assigned screen position each time. Participants also filled out a survey to determine which style they would most likely purchase. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc testing revealed significant variations in fixation metrics among the styles. The result demonstrates style. Two images of instant lemongrass drinks served in a cup with steam had the longest average duration of fixations and were the most popular style that affected customer choice. This is due to the warm sensation they experience when they gaze at it, which is associated with their preference for hot tea over cold tea, as well as the sensation of being close to a product as if it were in front of them. The findings highlight the necessity of using dynamic emotional packaging imagery and resonant visual features in packaging. This study makes actionable ideas for packaging designers and marketers to increase customer engagement and product awareness in competitive markets.
Defining the parameters that determine the visual perception performance and the appearance of occupational health and safety pictograms
Originally developed as a means of transmitting information and warnings by eliminating language and cultural differences in public spaces such as airports, train stations, bus stations, hospitals, stadiums, pictograms have turned into visuals that we encounter in every aspect of our lives today. They are the visual heroes behind the harmonious movement of today's fast and complex pace of life. They deserve all kinds of praise in terms of the mission they have set out. Nowadays, which we call the digital age or the age of visual communication, visuals are produced very intensively in every field, but they are thrown into the visual landfill very quickly. However, it is necessary to keep the pictograms that will be used in a vital issue such as occupational health and safety out of this structure. For occupational health and safety, pictograms are symbols that allow employees and visitors to move safely. These pictograms are used in workplaces to indicate safety rules, instructions and warnings. These pictorams, which are of vital importance for human health and the prevention of occupational accidents, should be easily visible and quickly perception. Although pictograms for occupational health and safety have been standardized and made mandatory by legal regulations, they are produced in very different design options as a result of advanced graphic and printing capabilities. In addition, the new technologies that are being used in dynamic business life reveal the need to prepare informative, stimulating texts, signs and pictograms together with these technologies. In the field of occupational health and safety, whether it is designed for the first time or an old pictogram is revised, the form, size, composition, color and background elements that determine visual perception performance must be evaluated separately. Another important issue is that those responsible for the enterprise show the necessary sensitivity to the physical conditions that will make it easier to see the pictograms. Although it has been prepared at the highest level in terms of graphic design and printing techniques, it cannot have any function in unsuitable location and lighting conditions.
The development of community products using design thinking based on cultural heritage: A case study of Kamphaeng Phet Provicne, Thailand
The purposes of this research were 1) to study community products towards the development of product potential for tourism, 2) to develop community products using design thinking methods using the cultural heritage capital, and 3) to assess tourist satisfaction towards community products based on cultural heritage. The research was conducted in three phases: Phase 1 studying community products towards the development of product potential for tourism, Phase 2 developing community products using design thinking methods using the cultural heritage capital, and Phase 3 assessing tourist satisfaction towards community products based on cultural heritage. For Phase 1, two cultural tourism communities in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand, were chosen for this research. The development of community products included consideration of community potential, cultural heritage, and tourism products (CCT), and these resulted in CCT Model. For Phase 2, the use of the five stages of design thinking and design thinking tools were employed with CCT Model of the communities in order to create their community products based on cultural heritage (i.e., three products for each community). For Phase 3, the satisfaction of 100 tourists were assessed in terms of five aspects, including 1) connection with tourism, 2) connection with cultural heritage, 3) value based on identity and cultural heritage, 4) marketing ability, and 5) product quality. The community products were successfully created, and the overall satisfaction assessment result was at a high level. Recommendations for further research are also discussed. Article history: Received (May 3, 2024); Revised (December 19, 2024); Accepted (January 9, 2025)
Copyright (c) 2025 Copyright (c) 2025 © 2025 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 Serbia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Revolution-bump mapping with texture function adjustment according to the geometry of the revolved object
Nowadays, 3D computer graphics are firmly anchored in our daily lives, extending across a multitude of distinct fields. Although each field follows its specific objectives, two major objectives are taken into consideration: realism and rendering speed. This is why image-based rendering (IBMR) techniques, such as revolution mapping, are gaining interest. Revolution-bump mapping is an image-based rendering that allows the creation of 3D objects in their entirety and without using polygonal meshes. The objective of the study presented in this paper is to improve the revolution-bump mapping technique as well as its extensions while ensuring that the application of textures on revolved surfaces is realized adequately. This development will allow the creation of pre-existing revolve models, while maintaining the essential rendering speed requirements for real-time rendering. Article history: Received (November 21, 2023); Revised (April 23, 2024); Accepted (June 21, 2024)
Copyright (c) 2025 © 2025 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license 3.0 Serbia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs/